Subjek, Verb, Complement, Modifier and pronouns

(1) Subjek, Verb, Complement, Modifier

• SUBJECT

The subject is the agent of the sentence in the active voice; it is the person or thing that performs or is responsible for the action of the sentence and it normally precedes the verb.

For example:
* He is a really nice guy.
* "He" is the subject of the sentence, controlling the verb and the complement.
* My dog attacked the burglar.
* "My dog" is the subject, controlling the verb and the rest of the sentence.
* David plays the piano
* The subject "David" performs the action of "playing the piano".
* The police interviewed all the witnesses.
* The subject the police performs the action of interviewing all the witnesses.

• VERB

The verb follows the subject in a declarative sentence; it generally shows the action of the sentence.


For example:

* We gathered the party at 7 pm with Stefi yesterday.

* The building has been ruined by the plane.

* The Postman delivered those letters to Me 2 days ago.

* He had killed my uncle when I was 21 years old.

* I don’t know that you came to my house last night

• COMPLEMENT

A complement completes the verb. It is similar to the subject because it is usually a noun or noun phrase; however, it generally follows the verb when the sentence is in the active voice.

For example:

* We need lime to reduce soil acidity. 

* Plants absorb water and nutrients from soil 

-          * She saw John at the movie last night.

-         * My father drives an old car. 

-         * He wants to drink some water.

• MODIFIER

A modifier tells the time, place or manner of the action. Very often it is a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.

For example:

* My Mother / is cooking / dinner / tonight

subject / verb phrase/ complement / modifier of time

 

*.Dhitya/ has visited / his Girlfriend

subject / verb phrase / complement

 

* They/ eat / lunch /in this restaurant/ today

subject/ verb phrase / complement/ modifier of place/ modifier of time

 

* Don/ should have bought/ gasoline /yesterday

subject/ verb phrase/ complement/ modifier of time

 

* It/ was cloudly /at seven o’clock this morning

subject/ verb phrase / modifier of time


(2) PRONOUNS

Definition

Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who claim something like.

• They say that eating beef is bad for you.

They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of pronouns is unfair.

Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent, however.

• Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.

The word "everyone" has no antecedent.

The problem of agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end of that section.
This section will list and briefly describe the several kinds of pronouns.

Types Of Pronoun

•  Subject Pronouns

Subject pronouns occur in the subject position of a sentence or after the verb be.
Verbs: I, you, he, she, it, they, weExample: I am going to the store

• Complement Pronouns

Complement pronouns occur in complement position, whether they complement a verb or a preposition.
Verbs: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
Example: They called us on the telephone.

• Possessive Pronouns

These pronouns cannot precede a noun. They are pronouns and thus replace the noun. The noun is understood from the context and is not repeated.
NOTE:
mine = my + noun; for example, my book.
yours = your + noun; for example, your pen.
hers = her + noun; for example, her car.
Verbs: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs.
Example: This is my book = This is mine

• Reflexive Pronouns

These pronouns usually follow the verb and indicate that the subject is both giving and receiving the action.
Verbs: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
Example: John bought him a new car = John bought himself a new car.
Source: TOEFL: Preparation Guide by Michael A. Pyle, M. A. and Mary Ellen Munoz Page, M. A.

ref : http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/pronouns1.htm